Genetic regulation of iron homeostasis in sideropenic patients with mild COVID-19 disease under a new oral iron formulation: Lessons from a different perspective.

BACKGROUND: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) needs iron to replicate itself. Coronaviruses are able to upregulate Chop/Gadd153 and Arg1 genes, consequently leading to CD8 lymphocytes decrease, degradation of asparagine and decreased nitric oxide (NO), thus impairing immune response and antithrombotic functions. Little is known about regulation of genes involved in iron metabolism in paucisymptomatic patients with COVID-19 disease or in patients with iron deficiency treated with sucrosomial iron. METHODS: Whole blood was taken from the COVID-19 patients and from patients with sideropenic anemia, treated or not (control group) with iron supplementations. Enrolled patients were: affected by COVID19 under sucrosomal iron support (group A), affected by COVID-19 not under oral iron support (group B), iron deficiency not under treatment, not affected by COVID19 (control group). After RNA extraction and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis of Arg1, Hepcidin and Chop/Gadd153, gene expression from the 3 groups was measured by qRT-PCR. M2 macrophages were detected by cytofluorimetry using CD163 and CD14 markers. RESULTS: Forty patients with COVID-19 (group A), 20 patients with iron deficiency treated with sucrosomial iron (group B) and 20 patients with iron deficiency not under treatment (control group) were enrolled. In all the patients supported with oral sucrosomial iron, the gene expression of Chop, Arg1 and Hepcidin genes was lower than in sideropenic patients not supported with iron, M1 macrophages polarization and functional iron deficiency was also lower in group A and B, than observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: New oral iron formulations, as sucrosomial iron, are able to influence the expression of genes like Chop and Arg1 and to influence M2 macrophage polarization mainly in the early phase of COVID-19 disease.

Questioning Established Theories and Treatment Methods Related to Iron and Other Metal Metabolic Changes, Affecting All Major Diseases and Billions of Patients.

The medical and scientific literature is dominated by highly cited historical theories and findings [...].